Anbotated bibliography
- Primary Sources
- 1. N.d. Wright, Roy. Interview by Raymond F. Daniell. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/filmmore/ps_wright.html>.
- Roy Wright was a reporter from The New York Times in 1933 and the one who met and interviewed the youngest boy from the Scottsboro case. His interview was important because it showed the feeling from the ones being convicted.
- 2. Scottsboro Boys. Photograph. Http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/trialheroes/ScotBoys.jpg, n.p. By Douglas O. Linder.
- This photograph of all the African-American boys shows the condition of how they were treated. This helped us identify how cruel other people were to them.
- 3. Hays, Arthur Garfield. Trial by Prejudice. New York: Covici, Friede, 1933. Print.
- Arthur Hays was a man living in the 1930s who wrote a book describing trials against African-Americans. This helped us understand how descriminant white people were against black people.
- 4. Holace, Randall. Report on the Scottsboro, Alabama Case. N.p.: ACLU, 1931. Print.
- Randall Holace’s book explained the events that happened during the case. This was important to us because it showed us what other people during that time thought about the trial.
- 5. James, Allan. Scottsboro Defense Committee, A Record of Broken Promises. N.p.: n.p., 1938. Print.
- Allan James describes the jury of the case . This helped us understand how the jury was so discriminant against african-americans.
- 6. "Scottsboro Boys Once More on Trial" LIFE, 1937. Short Online Film.
- This short online film described how the nine boys were put on trial again. This explained to us what happened after their first trial.
- 7. "The Third Crusade: The Sequel to Abolition and Reconstruction," Dir. Frank L. Owsley. American Review, 1933. Short Film.
- This short film showed how segregation was apparent during the time of the trial. This was important to us because it showed us how the boys were treated during that time.
- 8. "The Freight-Car Case," Dir. Edmund Wilson. The New Republic, 1931. Slide program.
- Edmund Wilson showed another trial that was similar to the scottsboro case. This helped us because it showed us how often african-americans were blamed for crimes that they did not commit.
- 9. Hughes, Langston. "Langston Hughes on Scottsboro." Reading. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/filmmore/ps_hughes.html>.
- Langston Hughes’ was a famous writer in the 1920’s who wrote a poem inspired by the scottsboro case. This helped us because it showed us what other people thought about the case.
- 10. Bates, Ruby. Letter to Earl Streetman. 5 Jan. 1932. MS. 215 Connelly Ally, Huntsville, Alabama.
- This letter from Ruby Bates , a witness, to Earl Streetman explaining why she lied during the trial. This was important to us because it showed us how white people were cruel to women too, and not just african-americans.
- 11. Basso, Hamilton. "Five Days in Decatur." The New Republic 7 (December 20, 1933): 161-164.
- This article by Hamilton Basso described how the boys were treated during the trial. This helped us because it gave us a further understanding of the conditions of the boys.
- 12. Woodward, Van C. “Scottsboro.” New York Times, 9 March 1969, BR5. Van Woodward was a reporter for the New York Times newspaper.
- His article helped us identify what happened during the case.
- 13. “Woman Charges Attack: Prisoner is Montgomery, Convicted in Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 28 July 1940, 20.
- This newspaper article discussed the the women’s role in the trial. In helped us understand how the two women were involved in the case.
- 14. Weems et al. v. Alabama, 141 So. 215 (1932). Available at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/Weems.htm (20April 2005).
- This short documentary helped us by giving us the information from professionals. It made us understand more what really happened instead of giving us biased information.
- 15. “Verdicts Assailed Here.” New York Times, 11 April 1983, 11.
- This story is an article from the New York Times newspaper. It was useful to our team because it informed us of the outcome of the trial. It helped us understand how the outcome proved that African Americans were not equal.
- 16. “Two Win Transfer in Scottsboro Case: Judge Horton Orders Wright and Williams Tried in Alabama Juvenile Court.” New York Times, 2 June 1933, 20.
- This article from the New York Times newspaper informed us about what happened to the judge from the case. It helped us understand how in the end they realized how unfair they were, which led to the judge being punished.
- 17. “Turns Over Records in Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 12 October 1934, 26.
- This story is from an article in the New York Times newspaper. It discussed how odd and different the Scottsboro nine case was.
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- 18. “To Ask a New Trial of Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 22 September 1935, N9.
- This newspaper article was written during the time of the trial. It gave us details about how the boys second requested for a second trial.
- 19. “To Ask Negroes’ Release.” New York Times, 2 April 1935, 15.
- Written in 1935, this article from the newspaper gave us a better understanding of how the African American boys were treated and discriminated.
- 20. “To Appeal Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 21 April 1937, 3.
- This newspaper article was found in the New York Times. It helped us by providing us with more information about the events that occurred during the trial.
- 21. “Text of U.S. Supreme Court’s Decision in the Scottsboro Case and Dissenting Opinion.” New York Times, 8 November 1932, 12.
- This story from the New York Times discussed how the trial went on further to the Supreme Court. This was important because it showed that more people during that time understood that the trial was unfair towards the boys.
- 22.“Tells of Proposal to Drop Leibowitz.” New York Times, 30 January 1936, 3.
- This is an article from the New York Times newspaper. This was important to the development of our project because it describes how efforts were made to try to drop charges on one of the boys from the case.
- 23. “Supreme Justices Get Scottsboro Appeals.” New York Times, 28 May 1932, 8.
- Written in 1932 was a newspaper article describing what happened during and after the scottsboro case. This was helpful to us because it gave us more information and a better understanding of the trial.
- 24. “Supreme Court Saved 9 Teen Age Scottsboro (Ala.) Boys.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 25 June 1960, 2.
- This article is from the New Pittsburgh Courier. This was helpful to us because it explained how the Supreme Court helped free the nine boys who were tried as guilty. This showed us how not everyone was against African Americans at that time.
- 25. “Star Witness Found in Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 24 June 1933, 3.
- From this article written in the New York Times we learned that there were supposedly witnesses that saw the nine boys rape the two women. This was helpful to our project because it proved to us that people would lie just to get rid of African Americans.
- 26. Stamler, Wilber. “The Decatur Trial.” New York Times, 19 April 1933, 16.
- Wilber Stamler was the author of an article from the New York Times. His story helped us by providing more information about the trial. He also gave us another example of a trial similar to the scottsboro nine case which showed us how often African Americans were mistreated.
- 27. Smith, Dinitia. “Scottsboro 70 Years Later, Still Notorious, Still Painful.” New YorkTimes, 29 March 2001, E1.
- Dinitia Smith wrote an article in the New York Times. This was useful to our project because it showed us how even seventy years later when all of the scottsboro boys were free, it was still painful to them.
- 28. “Slaying Jury Disagrees: Patterson, Scottsboro Figure, Faces New Trial in Month.” New
- York Times, 3 May 1951, 23.
- This story, which was an article from the New York Times, discussed how the scottsboro boys received a second trial. This helped us because it showed how some people of that time had some sympathy for the boys.
- 29. “Sets Negroes’ Trial Seat.” New York Times, 26 July 1933, 11.
- this article was useful to our project because it showed us how white people viewed African Americans. It also showed us how they treated them, by calling them negroes.
- 30. “Seek Scottsboro Pardon.” New York Times, 28 January 1938, 21.
- This is an article from the New York Times written in 1938. This was helpful to us because it showed us how some people wanted to pardon the case because they believed that the scottsboro boys were not guilty.
- 31. “Secrecy Fought at Riot Inquiry.” New York Times, 21 March 1934, 6.
- This article from the New York Times discussed how unfair this trial was. From this article we learned that because of the inequality riots were formed to protest.
- 32. Crewe, Sabrina, and Michael V. Uschan. The Scottsboro Case. Ed. Sabrina Crewe and Jim Mezzanotte. Stevens: Gareth, 2005. Print. Events That Shaped America.
- The quotes from this book are of the Scottsboro Boys in the case and of the two women that were the accusers in the case. These quotes were very important to our website because they gave us a personal insight to the opinions and reflections of the victims and accusers of the actual case. The pictures in this book are also useful because they depict the expressions and youth of the Scottsboro boys in that particular moment.
- 33. Photograph. UPI/Bettmann Archives, Iron Mountain National Underground Storage Facility, Pennsylvania.
- The photo of the crowd that gathered outside the courthouse during the trial of the Scottsboro nine is important because it depicts the community’s involvement and strong interest in this trial.
- 34. N.d. Photograph. National Archives, Perris.
- This photograph of one of the Scottsboro Boys, Haywood Patterson, expresses some of his personality and superstitious belief in a horseshoe and rabbit foot for good luck.
- 35. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington DC.
- This was one of many political cartoons of the Scottsboro case and it made us aware of the humor used to insult the jury of the case.
- 36. "Our Mission." NAACP. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://www.naacp.org/pages/our-mission>.
- This is the official site of the NAACP organization. The content of this page described the objectives and goals of this organization.
- 37. "Depression Era: 1930s: Integration." Oakland Museum of California. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://www.museumca.org/picturethis/timeline/depression-era-1930s/integration/info>.
- This site explained the age of depression during the 1930s which is also the same time frame of when the Scottsboro case occurred. This gave us more knowledge of the issues that African-AMericans faced with employment besides mistreatment during the Great Depression.
- 38. "The Scottsboro Boys | Official Broadway Site." The Scottsboro Boys | Official Broadway Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://scottsboromusical.com/>.
- We came across this site as a surprise to find that a broadway musical was created based on the Scottsboro case and this show keeps the awareness of this time in history present.
- 39. "NEWSPAPER ARTICLES - Scottsboro - Famous Trials - UMKC Law." NEWSPAPER ARTICLES - Scottsboro - Famous Trials - UMKC Law. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scottsboro/newspapr.htm>.
- This website is full of many newspaper articles pertaining to the Scottsboro case or related events. This is useful because it shows the different opinions of the newspapers of the area.
- 40. "Scottsboro Boys." Dyer Train Political Cartoon. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://blogs.baylor.edu/scottsboroboys/dyer- train-political-cartoon/>.
- This political cartoon was published during the time of the Scottsboro case and also referring to the Scottsboro case. It helped us gain awareness of the obvious neglect towards legislation affection African-Americans.
- 41. “2 Scottsboro Boys Lose Newest Fight.” New York Times, 29 June 1934, 9.
- We used this primary source to give us insight into the middle of the trial, and all the small details and battles they had to face. This newspaper article also showed us how much everyone was in favor of them being found guilty.
- 42. “7 Doomed Negroes Lose Alabama Plea.” New York Times, 10 April 1932, 27.
- We used this article to find out what was happening at the beginning of the trial. Everyone was in favor of them being found guilty without even hearing about it based on their appearances.
- 43. “8 Negroes Sentenced to Chair in Alabama.” New York Times, 10 April 1931, 52.
- We used this article to learn about what happened at the time where most of them were sentenced to death. This was before the second trial and before things in the trial got heavy.
- 44. “20 Witnesses Wait Scottsboro Cases.” New York Times, 11 July 1937, 9.
- This source showed us all of the fake witness testimonies saying that they had seen the rape happen. It was helpful because it showed us what lengths people went to to make sure that the men suffered, even though they knew they didn’t really do it.
- 45. “5.000 Fight Police in Harlem Streets.” New York Times, 18 March 1934, 1.
- This article told us what happened during the riot that broke out during the trial. It helped us because it gave us more insight about how worked up everyone was about this case.
- 46. “10,000 Hear Pleas to Free Negroes.” New York Times, 15 April 1933, 4.
- In this newspaper article we see into the beginning stages of the trial when the boys we first allowed to tell their side of the story and how people still were not sympathetic, nor did they believe them.
- 47. “15,000 March Here in ‘Peace Parade.’” New York Times, 27 October 1935, N1
- This article was published towards the end of the trial when people started to side with the boys it spoke of when everyone gathered in a “peace parade,” in support of the boys.
- 48. “Appeal is Denied in Scottsboro Case.” New York Times, 5 October 1934, 20.
- In this article we learned about when the boys appeals were denied, even when it was obvious that they were not guilty and were telling the truth.
- 49. “New Indictments in Scottsboro Case with Negro on Jury.” New York Times,
- 14 November 1935, 1.
- In this source we read about a shift in the atmosphere when a negro was put on the jury. Although there was a lot of upset it definitely brought a new light in favor of the boys.
- 50. “Scottsboro Negro is Saved from Death; Gov. Graves Commutes Sentence to
- Life.” New York Times, 6 July 1938, 1.
- This article told us about when the firs boy was taken off of the sentence to death. It was helpful to us because it showed us about a major shift in the case and how things started turning in favor of the boys.
- 51. “Scottsboro Trial Begins Tomorrow.” New York Times, 5 March 1933, N1.
- In this article it tells about the beginning of the case and how everything was when it first started. This was helpful to us because we saw where peoples opinions stood in the very beginning.
- 52. Dabney, Virginius. “South May Change Its Jury Procedure.” New York Times,
- 30 April 1933, E1.
- This article talks about the change in jury procedure, specifically about whether or not African- Americans should be allowed to be on a jury. This was helpful because it showed a change in the trial, and how it did and still does affect the way a jury is run today.
- 53. “Price Girl’s Story Upheld by ‘Hobo.’” New York Times, 29 November 1933
- This article reports about a hobos so-called witness to the crime because we know the outcome of the case, it is easy to look at it and know it is a lie. It shows us that many people were very intent on these boys being found guilty.
- 54. “Scottsboro Case Enters 4th Trial.” New York Times, 20 January 1935, 40.
- In this article, we learn about the beginning of the 4th trial. This shows us that there was much confusion and uncertainty. Many people knew that they were not guilty, but were held on their beliefs.
- 55. “Darrow Drops Fight to Save Eight Negroes, Refusing to Enter Case with
- Communists.” New York Times, 30 December 1931, 1.
- In this article is starts to show us the real support the boys started to get and when people really started to fight for them. it was helpful because it showed us that there were actually people who cared about them, rather than all the negativity pointed toward them.
- 56. “Tries to Speed Up Scottsboro Cases.” New York Times, 19 July 1937, 34
- In this article it explained the ways people tried to speed up the case because it has been going on for years, yet people were still willing to believe the lies.
- 57. “Scottsboro Trio Tell of Train Ride.” New York Times, 13 March 1933, 11.
- In this source we got the first look into when the boys first told their side of the story, and what actually went on during the train ride. Even though there was a lot of disbelief, it was still the beginning of the battle.
- 58. “Scottsboro Trial Drops Death Plea.” New York Times, 20 July 1937, 1.
- In this article we see about when the death sentence was finally dropped for all the boys. This was significant to us because it is when the trial was really tilting towards the boys.
- 59. “Roosevelt is Asked to Intervene to Protect Scottsboro Negroes.” New York
- Times, 20 November 1933, 1.
- In this article it talks about how Roosevelt was asked to send troops to help contain the riot that were breaking out in order to protect the boys.
- 60. “Condemned Negroes Riot in Alabama Jail.” New York Times, 11 April 1931, 40.
- This article talks about when the boys rioted in their cell due to the fact that they were given the death sentence. This was helpful to us because it showed us that these boys were not going down without a fight.
- Secondary Sources
- 1. Koestler, Rachel A. Going to School During the Civil Rights Movement (Going to School in History). Blue Earth, 2001.
- This book discussed the social life of children during the Civil Rights movement and it showed us the conflicts of segregated school systems and integration during that time.
- 2. Santella, Andrew. The NAACP: An Organization Working to End Discrimination (Journey to Freedom). Child’s World, 2003.
- This book was very useful because it introduced to us the motivations and purposes of the NAACP organization and what it accomplished.
- 3. Wormser, Richard. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. St. Martin’s, 2003.
- The author of this book traced the path from emancipation to the Civil Rights era and included how African-American leaders contributed to this movement.
- 4. Arbetman, Lee, Richard L. Roe, and Andrew David. Great Trials in American History; Civil War to the Present. N.p.: West Educational, 1999. Print.
- This helpful book provided a lot of information about the Scottsboro Boys case and gave us much more detail on the events of this case.
- 5. Ransdall, Hollace, "The First Scottsboro Trials." UMKC School of Law. Web. 30 Sep 2012.<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_HRrep.html#REPORT%20ON%20THE%20SCOTTSBORO,%20ALA.>.
- Hollace Ransdall’s online report discusses the history of what happened during the Scottsboro nine case. This was important to us because it explained further to us what happened.
- 6. Linder, Douglas. "The Trials of The Scottsboro Boys." UMKC School of Law. Web. 30 Sep 2012. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scottsboro/scottsb.htm>.
- Douglas Linder’s website shows us the actual events that happened during and after the trial. This helped us understand the causes of the events.
- 7. Linder, Douglas O. Issue brief. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/trialheroes/heroeshome.html>.
- Douglas Linder’s short brief on the heros of the trial tell about who helped prove the boys innocent. This was important to us because it showed us that not everyone at that time was racist.
- 8. Yoder, Anne. Papers of the American Civil Liberties Union. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
- Anne Yoder’s book discussed the segregation during the time of which the scottsboro case was happening. This helped us understand how people during that time treated African-Americans.
- 9. Carter, Dan T. Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South (1969). N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
- Dan Carter’s book discussed life in the south for slaves and African-Americans. This helped us be explaining further how badly slaves were mistreated, especially in the south.
- 10. Goodman, James. Stories of Scottsboro (1994). N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
- James Goodman’s book tells of what happened during the Scottsboro trial. This was important to us because it gave us a greater knowledge of the trial.
- 11. Weems v. Alabama, 182 So. 3 (1932). Available at
- http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/Weems2.htm (21 April 2005).
- This short film about the scottsboro nine trial helped us understand what happened during the trial. It gave us another view on the case and provided us with more details.
- 12. Washington, Julie E. “CCC Event to Probe the Scottsboro Case.” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), 25 September 2001, E4.
- Julie Washington’s short story helped us understand the events of the trial. She did this by providing information which helped us have a better understanding.
- 13. Ware, Leland. “The Long Legacy of the Scottsboro Case.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 September 1994, 5C.
- Leland Ware wrote a book describing the events of the scottsboro nine case. This was helpful to us because it discussed the what happened during and after the case.
- 14. “Scottsboro Man Freed: Haywood Patterson is Released by U.S. Judge in Michigan.” New York Times, 14 July 1950, 20
- Written in 1950, this article discussed how the last scottsboro boy finally got freed. This was important to our project because it gave us the events on how he finally got freed.
- 16. Carter, Dan. “The Scottsboro Boys.” Court TV Online http://www.courttv.com/greatesttrials/scottsboro/carter.html (20 April 2005).
- In this documentary, it goes over the whole trial and gives many details pertaining to the political aspect of it. This was helpful because it gave us a different view on the case.
- 17. Chadwick, Alex, narr. “Director Barak Goodman Discusses “Scottsboro: An
- American Tragedy,” His Documentary of the Conviction of 9 Black Boys in 1931 for Rapes They Did Not Commit.” National Public Radio Weekend Edition June 2000.
- In this documentary it talked about the whole case and was helpful because it also gave many visual examples, so it was easier to understand.
- 18. “Judge Horton Orders a New Trial in the Case of Haywood Patterson,” 22 June 1933.
- http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_hor33.html (April 2005).
- In this source it specifically talks about Judge Horton and where his standpoint was in the trial. It was helpful to us because we really got to see inside his head and what he was thinking through the whole thing.
- 19. Kelley, Robin D. G. “The Case of the ‘Scottsboro Boys.’”
- http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/scottsboro.html (20 April 2005).
- In this source it gives an overview of the whole case, from beginning to end. It gave us some small details hat the others did not provide.
- 20. Mazelis, Fred. “Documentary on Scottsboro Case Distorts 1930s Struggle Against
- Racism in US South.” World Socialist Web Site, 23 April 200 http://www.wsws.org/articles2001/scot-a23.shtml (20 April 2005).
- In this article it talks about the documentary on the case that was made. This was helpful to us because it shows us how the view on racism has changed over the years.